Sources
Primary trial links
The trials cited throughout the synthesis, in approximate chronological order.
First statin era (1994–1998)
- 4S — Lancet 1994 (PMID 7968073)
- WOSCOPS — NEJM 1995 (PMID 7566020)
- CARE — NEJM 1996 (PMID 8801446)
- LIPID — NEJM 1998 (PMID 9841303)
- AFCAPS/TexCAPS — JAMA 1998 (PMID 9613910)
Mega-trial era (2002–2008)
- HPS — Lancet 2002 (PMID 12114036)
- ASCOT-LLA — Lancet 2003 (PMID 12686036)
- PROVE-IT TIMI 22 — NEJM 2004 (PMID 15007110)
- TNT — NEJM 2005 (PMID 15755765)
- JUPITER — NEJM 2008 (PMID 18997196)
CTT meta-analyses
Non-statin and PCSK9 era
- ENHANCE — NEJM 2008 (PMID 18376000)
- SHARP — Lancet 2011 (PMID 21663949)
- IMPROVE-IT — NEJM 2015 (PMID 26039521)
- FOURIER — NEJM 2017 (PMID 28304224)
- ODYSSEY OUTCOMES — NEJM 2018 (PMID 30403574)
- FOURIER-OLE — Circulation 2022
- CLEAR Outcomes — NEJM 2023
Pending readouts (2025–2027)
- STAREE — baseline JAHA 2024
- PREVENTABLE — trial registry
- ORION-4 — inclisiran outcomes (July 2026)
- Lp(a) therapeutics overview (PMC12282488)
LDL causality — Mendelian randomisation
- Ference et al. 2017 EAS consensus — PMC5837225
- MR in atherosclerotic disease (2024 review)
- Cohen & Hobbs PCSK9 LoF — NEJM 2006 (PMID 16554528)
Harms
- SAMSON — N-of-1 statin nocebo (JACC 2021)
- ASCOT-LLA blinded vs open-label (Lancet 2017, PMID 28476290)
- Sattar et al. new-onset diabetes meta-analysis (Lancet 2010, PMID 20167359)
- Swerdlow HMGCR-MR diabetes (Lancet 2015, PMID 25262344)
Heterodox literature
- Diamond & Ravnskov 2015 (PMID 25655639)
- DuBroff & de Lorgeril 2015 (PMID 26225201)
- Byrne et al. JAMA Intern Med 2022 — primary-prevention reappraisal
- Cochrane primary-prevention review
Guidelines
- 2018 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline
- 2019 ESC/EAS Dyslipidaemia Guidelines
- USPSTF 2022 statin recommendation
- NLA/AGS 2024 expert consensus on >75 without ASCVD
- AHA PREVENT risk equations (2024)
Foundational biology
- Brown & Goldstein — Nobel review (Science 1986)
- Endo — discovery of HMGCR inhibitors (J Lipid Res 1992, PMID 1464741)
- Williams & Tabas — response-to-retention (ATVB 1995, PMID 7749869)
- Hill — environment and disease (Proc R Soc Med 1965, PMID 14283879)
Industry & methodology
- CANTOS — canakinumab and atherosclerosis (NEJM 2017, PMID 28845751)
- LoDoCo2 — colchicine and chronic CHD (NEJM 2020, PMID 32865380)
Bibliography note
The full inline footnoted citations live within the synthesis itself. A consolidated Vancouver-format bibliography is not produced; the links above index the most-cited canonical references. For any specific footnote, follow the footnote number in the synthesis text.